Defining and assessing animal pain

Defining and Assessing Animal Pain

The detection and assessment of pain in animals is crucial to improving their welfare in a variety of contexts in which humans are ethically or legally bound to do so. Thus clear standards to judge whether pain is likely to occur in any animal species is vital to inform whether to alleviate pain or to drive the refinement of procedures to reduce invasiveness, thereby minimizing pain. We define ...

Defining and assessing organizational culture.

PROBLEM Using theories from several disciplines, the concept of organizational culture remains controversial. Conflicting definitions, lack of semantic clarity, and debate over the most appropriate methods for assessing organizational culture have led to disagreement over the value and validity of such inquiry. METHODS This paper reviews development of the concept of organizational culture an...

Defining and assessing professional competence.

CONTEXT Current assessment formats for physicians and trainees reliably test core knowledge and basic skills. However, they may underemphasize some important domains of professional medical practice, including interpersonal skills, lifelong learning, professionalism, and integration of core knowledge into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To propose a definition of professional competence, to rev...

Defining and Assessing Regulatory Excellence

Defining Chronic Pain.